Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Scope
Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds, which include all chemical compounds except those characterized by carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds.[2.1] This field encompasses a wide array of substances, such as salts formed by ionic bonding, including sodium oxide (Na2O) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2).[1.1] Inorganic chemistry overlaps with organic chemistry, particularly in organometallic chemistry, where metals are bonded to carbon-containing ligands.[4.1] It also investigates various types of reactions, including combination, decomposition, single displacement, and double displacement reactions.[4.1] Historically, the definition of inorganic chemistry has expanded to include not only non-carbon molecules but also organometallic compounds and certain carbon-based molecules with metal-like properties.[5.1] This reflects the growing complexity and interconnectivity of chemical disciplines, as seen in the use of organometallic catalysts that blur the lines between inorganic and organic chemistry.[3.1] The scope of inorganic chemistry is extensive, covering numerous sub-fields and applications across various domains, including biology and engineering.[4.1] A significant area within inorganic chemistry is the study of coordination complexes, where ligand field theory provides insights into the electronic structure and stability of these compounds.[29.1] This theory enhances the understanding of metal-ligand interactions and their implications for the properties of coordination compounds, such as their colors and magnetic characteristics.[30.1]Importance in Science and Industry
Inorganic chemistry plays a crucial role in various scientific and industrial applications, significantly impacting both fields. One of the most notable contributions of inorganic chemistry is in the realm of coordination compounds, which are essential for understanding the properties and reactivity of various materials. The coordination number, defined as the total points of attachment to a central metal atom, can range from 2 to 16, with a common value of 6. This concept is fundamental in determining the geometries and electronic structures of complexes, which in turn influence their stability and reactivity.[8.1] For instance, higher coordination numbers often correlate with increased stability, making these complexes less reactive compared to those with lower coordination numbers.[9.1] Moreover, the geometrical arrangement of ligands around a metal center can significantly affect the magnetic, optical, and reactivity properties of coordination compounds. For example, the difference in geometry between [NiCl4]2- (tetrahedral) and [Ni(CN)4]2- (square planar) leads to distinct paramagnetic properties, showcasing how coordination geometry can influence material behavior.[10.1] In addition to fundamental research, inorganic chemistry has practical applications in various industries. One prominent example is the use of inorganic compounds in catalysis, where transition metal catalysts enhance reaction rates and selectivity, contributing to economic growth and environmental sustainability.[20.1] Electride materials, which are novel inorganic catalysts, have gained attention due to their high carrier density and low work function, making them effective in various catalytic reactions.[21.1] Furthermore, typical heterogeneous catalysts, primarily composed of metals and metal oxides, are favored in industrial applications due to their high thermal stability.[22.1] In the field of electronics, inorganic semiconductors form the backbone of conventional electronic devices, offering performance characteristics that surpass those of organic materials. Their unique properties enable high-density device integration, which is essential for modern technology.[24.1] Overall, the diverse applications of inorganic compounds underscore their importance in both scientific research and industrial practices, highlighting their transformative impact on technology and society.[17.1]In this section:
History
Development of Modern Inorganic Chemistry
The development of modern inorganic chemistry can be traced back to the pioneering work of Antoine Lavoisier, who is recognized as a key figure in the field. Lavoisier, who lived from 1743 to 1794, was among the first to study inorganic compounds, marking a significant moment in the history of chemistry.[42.1] His contributions were not without challenges; Lavoisier faced considerable empirical difficulties, particularly with his oxygen theory of acidity, which influenced the trajectory of chemical research during his time.[60.1] Despite these obstacles, Lavoisier's systematic approach to chemical classification and his willingness to discard outdated theories laid the groundwork for the emergence of inorganic chemistry as a distinct discipline. His work continues to inspire chemists today, highlighting the transformative impact of his contributions on the field.[42.1] Alfred Werner, a prominent figure in the development of modern inorganic chemistry, proposed the theory of coordination compounds in 1893. His work significantly advanced the understanding of how atoms link within molecules, leading to a substantial increase in research interest in coordination chemistry, which is a major branch of inorganic chemistry. This surge in interest resulted in the creation of numerous coordination compounds, predominantly involving transition-metal complexes. In recognition of his groundbreaking contributions, Werner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1913, underscoring the importance of his work in the field.[44.1] The field of inorganic chemistry has a rich history characterized by significant contributions from talented scientists, leading to foundational discoveries that have shaped its development. This discipline encompasses a vast array of sub-fields, illustrating its extensive scope. Among these sub-fields, bioinorganic chemistry plays a crucial role by bridging biochemistry and inorganic chemistry, with a major focus on medical applications. Additionally, environmental chemistry investigates the interactions between inorganic and organic compounds, further highlighting the breadth of the inorganic realm and its potential for practical applications.[45.1] The boundaries between inorganic and organic chemistry are increasingly blurred, particularly evident in the use of organometallic catalysts, which contain both metals and carbon. This dynamic nature of inorganic chemistry reflects its relevance to contemporary scientific challenges.[43.1]In this section:
Recent Advancements
Innovations in Catalysis
Recent advancements in inorganic chemistry have significantly contributed to the development of innovative catalysts that enhance efficiency and sustainability in various industrial processes. One notable area of progress is the synthesis of chiral inorganic nanomaterials, which exhibit enantioselective catalytic performances akin to natural enzymes. These materials possess desirable properties such as recyclability, structural stability, and catalytic efficiency, making them suitable for a range of applications in catalysis.[113.1] Additionally, researchers have focused on creating sustainable catalysts that improve their activity during use, particularly in the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable products. This approach not only addresses environmental concerns but also enhances the overall efficiency of chemical processes.[112.1] The development of advanced heterogeneous catalysts for energy storage and sustainable physicochemical conversion processes, including thermal catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis, further exemplifies the innovative strides being made in this field.[114.1] The field of inorganic chemistry has evolved significantly over the past 25 years, characterized by an increasing emphasis on collaboration, interdisciplinary research, and applications-based studies, alongside the pursuit of fundamental molecular and solid-state chemistry. This evolution has led to the development of innovative smart inorganic materials, particularly through coordination chemistry, which serves as a foundation for various applications, including those in biomedical fields.[117.1] Central to this progress is the predominance of density functional theory (DFT), which has established itself as a key tool in computational inorganic chemistry. DFT not only enhances our understanding of catalyst behavior and performance but also exemplifies how theoretical insights can directly influence experimental outcomes. Notably, while DFT is predominant, there are also significant contributions from wavefunction-based methods, highlighting the diverse theoretical approaches that can enrich our comprehension of inorganic chemistry.[118.1]Breakthroughs in Materials Science
Recent advancements in inorganic chemistry have profoundly impacted materials science, particularly through innovations in synthesis methods, materials characterization, and applications across various industries. Over the past 25 years, the field has increasingly emphasized collaboration and interdisciplinary research, leading to the development of smart inorganic materials with diverse applications, including in biomedical fields.[89.1] One notable area of progress is the synthesis of complex structures through supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly, which has opened new avenues in nanotechnology and materials development.[93.1] The understanding of transition metal complexes has also advanced, enhancing catalysis and materials science, and leading to the design of advanced materials with tailored properties.[90.1] In the realm of porous materials, significant advancements have influenced the design of drug delivery systems, particularly in cancer immunotherapy. Novel porous nanomaterials (PNMs), including inorganic, organic, and organic-inorganic hybrids, have been employed to enhance tissue or organ targeting while reducing immune-related adverse events.[97.1] Among these, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a class of solid porous materials that have shown promise in improving drug penetration into tumors.[98.1] Furthermore, porous functional materials have been effectively utilized in drug delivery systems to regulate stem cell differentiation, leveraging their unique substrate properties for steady release.[99.1] The physicochemical characteristics of these materials allow for effective drug loading, protection of therapeutic compounds, and controlled release, which are essential for optimizing therapeutic outcomes.[100.1] Commonly used mesoporous materials, such as mesoporous silica and its advanced forms, including nanoparticles and nanorods, serve as effective carriers in these drug delivery systems.[101.1] Moreover, the integration of green chemistry principles into inorganic materials science has fostered the development of eco-friendly materials and processes. This includes advancements in heterogeneous catalysis that promote sustainable and environmentally friendly chemical transformations.[96.1] The emphasis on minimizing environmental impact while maximizing efficiency has become a cornerstone of contemporary research in inorganic chemistry, reflecting a broader commitment to sustainability in materials science.[95.1]Key Areas Of Study
Bioinorganic Chemistry
Bioinorganic chemistry is a crucial branch of inorganic chemistry that investigates the role of inorganic elements and compounds in biological systems. This field explores the interactions between inorganic substances, such as metals and metalloids, and biological molecules, affecting various physiological functions. Inorganic compounds, generally characterized by the absence of carbon-hydrogen bonds, are distinct from organic compounds. These substances are prevalent in nature and widely used in industries, including minerals, salts, metals, and gases like carbon dioxide and ammonia.[148.1] They are composed of elements connected by ionic, metallic, and covalent bonds, which impart unique physical and chemical properties compared to organic compounds.[149.1] Understanding these chemical properties is essential for comprehending the reactivity, interactions, and applications of inorganic compounds, as they determine how these substances participate in chemical reactions, forming new compounds or decomposing into simpler substances.[147.1] A significant application of bioinorganic chemistry is in environmental remediation, where inorganic nanomaterials have proven effective. For instance, engineered nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) exhibits high reactivity and catalytic capability in wastewater remediation, particularly for removing heavy metals and organic compounds.[158.1] Additionally, solid peroxides have been investigated for their potential in water purification, highlighting the importance of inorganic compounds in addressing environmental challenges.[159.1]In this section:
Applications
Industrial Applications
Inorganic chemistry is crucial in various industrial sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, and electronics. In agriculture, inorganic chemicals are vital for pest control and are used to manage pests and insects effectively.[173.1] They are also essential in producing fertilizers, such as potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus products, which enhance crop yields.[175.1] The industrial inorganic chemistry sector involves the large-scale production of heavy inorganic products like chlor-alkalis and sulfuric acid, foundational to numerous chemical processes.[175.1] These basic inorganic chemicals are not only used in their production but are also supplied to other industries for manufacturing end-products.[175.1] The electronics industry heavily relies on highly pure silicon derived from inorganic chemistry for applications in solar energy conversion and medical diagnostics.[176.1] Moreover, the integration of green chemistry principles into industrial practices underscores the importance of inorganic compounds as safer alternatives in chemical manufacturing.[178.1] This shift towards sustainability is increasingly recognized as essential for fostering a sustainable future, with inorganic compounds enhancing performance while aligning with environmental goals.[178.1]Environmental Impact
Excessive or improper use of inorganic fertilizers can lead to significant environmental pollution, including nutrient runoff into water bodies, soil degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions. To mitigate these environmental risks, careful nutrient management and sustainable agricultural practices are essential.[183.1] Eco-friendly fertilizer practices are increasingly recognized as vital for sustainable farming, as they enhance soil health while reducing environmental harm. Traditional fertilizers, while effective, can deplete soil nutrients over time, necessitating the adoption of more sustainable methods.[184.1] The agricultural sector is evolving to meet sustainability goals, with farmers increasingly adopting integrated nutrient management practices. These practices aim to balance crop needs with soil health, thereby promoting a more sustainable approach to fertilizer use.[185.1] Inorganic fertilizers, while providing immediate access to essential nutrients for plants, can lead to soil organic matter degradation and increased soil acidity when used continuously without proper management.[186.1] However, their application has been shown to improve crop performance, as evidenced by increased maize yields and enhanced soil chemical properties, such as pH and nutrient availability.[187.1] In the context of heavy inorganic chemical production, environmental pollution from heavy metals has become a pressing global issue. These pollutants are often released into water, soil, and the atmosphere due to the rapid growth of agriculture and metal industries, as well as improper waste disposal practices.[217.1] The chemical manufacturing industry, while critical for innovation, poses environmental and health risks due to the use of hazardous chemicals and the generation of waste products. Therefore, it is crucial to manage manufacturing processes carefully and adopt sustainable practices to minimize these risks.[218.1] Advancements in chlor-alkali production technologies are being explored to enhance sustainability, with three primary methods currently in use: mercury, diaphragm, and membrane cell technology.[199.1] These processes have been utilized for over 100 years and have historically involved the use of toxic materials, including mercury and asbestos in diaphragm cells, as well as the production of toxic chlorine-containing chemicals.[196.1] In 2016, mercury-emitting technology accounted for only 17% of the chlorine production capacity in the European Union, reflecting significant progress in phasing out this method, which was mandated by EU law to be eliminated by 2017.[201.1] Chlorine producers in the EU have proactively transitioned away from mercury-based production and are now safely treating the remaining mercury waste material.[201.1] Despite the historical challenges, the introduction of membrane technology has led to higher energy efficiencies, indicating a potential pathway towards a more sustainable chlor-alkali future.[199.1]In this section:
Environmental PollutionSoil DegradationGreenhouse Gas EmissionsNutrient ManagementSoil Health
Challenges And Future Directions
Sustainability in Inorganic Chemistry
The integration of sustainable practices in inorganic chemistry, particularly in the synthesis of transition metal complexes, is increasingly recognized as a vital objective. The emergence of resource-economical and environmentally benign strategies is one of the primary goals in the field of organic synthesis for constructing structurally complex and diverse molecules.[221.1] A significant advancement in this area is the progress in transition metal-catalyzed coupling reactions, which has enabled a wide range of applications in both industrial and academic settings.[221.1] Transition metal catalysts, such as palladium or rhodium complexes, are widely used in homogeneous catalysis. For instance, the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, which forms carbon-carbon bonds, is catalyzed by palladium complexes and is essential in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.[222.1] These developments underscore the importance of adopting innovative strategies to minimize environmental impact in the synthesis of transition metal complexes.[221.1] Green chemistry emphasizes the minimization of hazardous compounds and the reduction of waste generated during conventional organic synthesis. This approach not only considers the production impacts but also the disposal consequences of chemical processes.[230.1] Recent innovations in sustainable synthetic techniques, such as microwave synthesis, sonochemical synthesis, and grinding-assisted microwave synthesis, have emerged as advanced methods that align with these green chemistry principles.[231.1] These techniques are particularly relevant in the context of transition metal complexes, where catalysts like palladium and rhodium play a crucial role in reactions essential for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.[232.1] Metallosupramolecular chemistry has emerged as a significant field in the development of sustainable materials, particularly through the creation of metal-containing polymers (metallopolymers) that exhibit unique and tunable properties.[233.1] This area of research emphasizes the ordered assembly of small molecules into supramolecular structures, which can lead to functional soft materials.[233.1] However, challenges persist in achieving spatiotemporal control with thermoresponsive and sono-responsive metallosupramolecular polymers, as these materials often suffer from poor precision control.[236.1] Additionally, controlling the morphology of these soft materials on the mesoscale, both in solution and on substrates, presents numerous difficulties.[236.1] Despite these challenges, metallosupramolecular polymers show promise for self-healing applications due to the reversibility of metal-ligand interactions, which is akin to hydrogen bonding.[234.1] The development of transient supramolecular polymers is particularly promising, as it requires a delicate balance between toughness and recyclability, as well as stability and healing capabilities.[237.1] This equilibrium is essential for advancing sustainable applications in this field.[237.1] The design of materials for gas separation and storage presents significant challenges due to several seemingly conflicting objectives. Specifically, the creation of pores on the order of molecular dimensions is essential for the effective discrimination of various gases based on size; however, these materials must also be chemically functionalized to ensure selectivity during the adsorption process.[255.1] Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a novel class of porous materials, characterized by their unique pore structures, exceptional porosity, and tunable features. These attributes not only enable high-density energy storage of clean fuel gases but also facilitate distinct host-guest interactions and sieving effects, which are crucial for energy-efficient separation.[253.1] Despite their promising characteristics, the synthesis and characterization of MOFs are complex, highlighting the need for further research to explore their versatility and potential applications in catalysis, gas storage, and separation.[254.1] Addressing these challenges is essential for advancing the development of efficient and sustainable porous materials that can significantly improve gas storage and separation processes.Emerging Technologies and Research Trends
Emerging technologies are significantly shaping the landscape of inorganic chemistry, particularly through the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. These technologies facilitate effective data analyses and predictions, enabling researchers to harness vast amounts of information for the identification and isolation of compounds, as well as for target predictions in various applications.[243.1] AI techniques, such as artificial neural networks and evolutionary algorithms, are becoming increasingly valuable due to their ease of use, effectiveness, and flexibility, enhancing the design and functionality of inorganic materials.[244.1] In addition to AI, the field of supramolecular chemistry is gaining traction, particularly in the development of innovative materials through self-assembly processes. This approach allows for the manipulation of non-covalent interactions to create complex structures with tailored properties, which is essential for addressing current challenges in materials science.[239.1] For instance, polymer-lipid hybrid materials and peptoids exemplify the potential of self-assembly in creating materials that combine desirable properties from both polymers and lipids.[240.1] Furthermore, self-assembling materials are being explored for environmental applications, such as pollution remediation, where they can effectively capture and remove specific pollutants from contaminated sites.[241.1] The ongoing advancements in coordination chemistry also reflect a trend towards interdisciplinary collaboration, which is fostering innovation and enhancing the understanding of complex inorganic compounds. This collaborative approach is evident in the development of novel coordination complexes that exhibit diverse structures and properties, with applications ranging from catalysis to drug design.[228.1] The emphasis on interdisciplinary research is paving the way for exciting advancements in the field, as it combines insights from various scientific domains to tackle complex challenges.[224.1]In this section:
References
[1] Inorganic Chemistry: Key concepts — Key concepts The bulk of inorganic compounds occur as salts, the combination of cations and anions joined by ionic bonding. Examples of cations are sodium Na+, and magnesium Mg2+ and examples of anions are oxide O2− and chloride Cl−. As salts are neutrally charged, these ions form compounds such as sodium oxide Na2O or magnesium chloride MgCl2. The ions are described by their oxidation
[2] Inorganic_chemistry - chemeurope.com — Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds except the myriad organic compounds (compounds containing C-H bonds), which are the subjects of organic chemistry. The distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub
[3] 1: Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry - Chemistry LibreTexts — \(
[4] Inorganic Chemistry - Definition, Chapters, Types, Applications & FAQs ... — What are the topics under inorganic chemistry?
[5] Chapter 1: Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry — A generally-accepted definition of inorganic chemistry is the study of non-carbon molecules, or all the elements on the periodic table except carbon. But, this definition is not completely correct because the field of inorganic chemistry also includes organometallic compounds and the study of some carbon-based molecules that have metal-like
[8] Exploring the Importance of Coordination Number in Inorganic Chemistry ... — In conclusion, coordination number is a fundamental concept in inorganic chemistry that is essential in understanding the properties and reactivity of coordination compounds. The coordination number can affect the geometry, electronic structure, and reactivity of the complex, and is an important factor in the design and synthesis of
[9] Reactivity and Coordination Chemistry | Solubility of Things — Coordination Number: As previously discussed, coordination number determines how many ligands are bound to the metal center and influences the complex's stability and reactivity. A higher coordination number often corresponds to more stable complexes, which may resist undergoing reactions compared to those with lower coordination numbers.
[10] Coordination number- Definition, Importance and Examples. — The coordination number and resulting geometry can affect the magnetic, optical, and reactivity properties of the coordination compounds. Magnetic Properties : Example: [NiCl 4 ] 2- (tetrahedral) vs. [Ni(CN) 4 ] 2ー (square planar) [NiCl 4 ] 2- has a coordination number of 4 with a tetrahedral geometry and exhibits paramagnetic properties due
[17] 10 Examples of Inorganic Compounds and Their Uses — These examples highlight the diverse applications and importance of inorganic compounds in everyday life. Without them, many processes would be impossible. Isn't it fascinating how they shape our world? Characteristics of Inorganic Compounds Inorganic compounds exhibit unique characteristics that differentiate them from organic compounds.
[20] Applications of inorganic chemistry in catalysis and materials — Applications of inorganic chemistry in catalysis and materials | Solubility of Things By enhancing reaction rates, increasing selectivity, and facilitating the production of essential chemicals, inorganic catalysts contribute not only to economic growth but also to environmental sustainability. In summary, the properties and applications of transition metal catalysts exemplify the dynamic nature of inorganic chemistry. Their unique structural features allow for innovations in the development of sustainable catalysts and materials, paving the way for enhanced efficiency in chemical reactions and environmental applications. Inorganic coordination compounds play a pivotal role in catalysis, providing unique properties and functionalities that enhance the efficiency and selectivity of various chemical reactions. Inorganic catalysts, particularly transition metals and coordination compounds, are pivotal for driving chemical reactions efficiently while minimizing environmental impact.
[21] Electrides: Emerging electronic materials for catalysis — Electride materials have gained significant attention as novel inorganic catalysts due to their high carrier density and low work function, both of which are highly advantageous for catalytic processes. These unique characteristics enable efficient electron transfer, making electrides highly effective in various catalytic reactions.
[22] Design of Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Catalysts for Energy and ... — Typical heterogeneous catalysts are composed of inorganic materials, mainly metals and metal oxides, due to their high thermal stability, which is necessitated by many industrial applications. ... , techniques to probe the interface between these phases are needed for understanding the properties of these unique materials. A central topic in
[24] Inorganic semiconducting materials for flexible and stretchable ... — Inorganic semiconductors represent the foundations for all conventional, commercialized types of electronic devices, due primarily to performance characteristics that significantly exceed those of
[29] Ligand Field Theory | Solubility of Things — Introduction to Ligand Field TheoryLigand Field Theory (LFT) serves as a crucial framework in understanding the electronic structure and behavior of coordination complexes, which are compounds formed by metal ions surrounded by non-metal atoms or molecules known as ligands. Historically rooted in the foundations of both Crystal Field Theory (CFT) and traditional theories of chemical bonding
[30] Ligand Field Theory: Definition, Concept, and Applications — This is where Ligand Field Theory (LFT) comes in. LFT builds upon both CFT and Molecular Orbital Theory to provide a deeper understanding of bonding in transition metal complexes. It explains not only why complexes have certain colors or magnetic properties but also how ligands affect the stability and reactivity of these compounds. Core Concepts of Ligand Field Theory 1. Metal-Ligand Bonding
[42] Inorganic Chemistry- History, Scope, And Applications — history of inorganic chemistry. Inorganic chemistry is one of the most complex and interesting branches of science. It's history is not as old as of organic chemistry. Lets explore its origins and some fascinating moments in history! The first person to study inorganic compounds was not a chemist at all - it was Antoine Lavoisier (1743-94).
[43] 1: Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry - Chemistry LibreTexts — \(
[44] Inorganic Chemistry: A Prestigious History and a Bright Future — After Werner proposed the theory of coordination compounds in 1893 and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1913 for his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules, there was an enormous growth of research interest in coordination chemistry, a major branch of inorganic chemistry, leading to a plethora of coordination compounds that has been mainly dominated by transition-metal complexes.
[45] What Is Inorganic Chemistry and the History of Inorganic Chemistry — Bioinorganic Chemistry Bridges biochemistry and inorganic chemistry and have a major focus on medical applications. Environmental chemistry includes the study of inorganic and organic compounds. In short, the inorganic realm is vast and provides essentially limitless areas for investigation. and possible practical applications.
[60] Lavoisier and the Origins of Modern Chemistry - JSTOR — that have agitated students of Lavoisier's work from the 1780s to the present; see Robert J. Morris, "Lavoisier and the Caloric Theory," British Journal of the History of Science, 1972, 6:1-38. On the empirical difficulties facing Lavoisier's oxygen theory of acidity see Homer E. Le Grand, "Ideas on
[89] 25th Anniversary of Molecules—Recent Advances in Inorganic Chemistry — The general development of the field in the last 25 years has been one of moving towards more collaboration, interdisciplinary investigations, and applications-based research, while at the same time pursuing fundamental “blue-sky” molecular and solid-state inorganic chemistry. The submitted articles show top-quality level innovations and provide the reader with an overview of contemporary inorganic chemistry, in which coordination chemistry serves as the basis for the development of smart inorganic materials for several applications. Inorganic chemistry is becoming more and more interdisciplinary, providing innovative uses and approaches for ancient metal elements that can find new life in biomedical applications.
[90] Current Research Trends in Inorganic Chemistry — Additionally, the burgeoning interest in areas such as supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly is exemplifying how inorganic compounds can synthesize complex structures with tailored properties, opening doors to new applications in nanotechnology and materials development. Recent progress in the understanding of transition metal complexes has significantly enhanced the fields of inorganic chemistry, catalysis, and materials science. Overall, the innovations in solid-state chemistry and the development of new inorganic solid solutions signify a vibrant area of research, where the interplay between composition and structure leads to the design of advanced materials. The development of advanced synthesis techniques in inorganic chemistry has significantly transformed the landscape of material production, leading to innovations in the design and functionality of inorganic compounds.
[93] Current Research Trends in Inorganic Chemistry — Additionally, the burgeoning interest in areas such as supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly is exemplifying how inorganic compounds can synthesize complex structures with tailored properties, opening doors to new applications in nanotechnology and materials development. Recent progress in the understanding of transition metal complexes has significantly enhanced the fields of inorganic chemistry, catalysis, and materials science. Overall, the innovations in solid-state chemistry and the development of new inorganic solid solutions signify a vibrant area of research, where the interplay between composition and structure leads to the design of advanced materials. The development of advanced synthesis techniques in inorganic chemistry has significantly transformed the landscape of material production, leading to innovations in the design and functionality of inorganic compounds.
[95] PDF — © 2016 IJRAR October 2016, Volume 3, Issue 4 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) IJRAR19D5077 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) 239 ADVANCEMENTS IN GREEN CHEMISTRY: SUSTAINABLE SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS *R.Nalini, Associate Professor of Chemistry, Govt. The principles of green chemistry emphasize the design and implementation of chemical processes that minimize environmental impact while maximizing efficiency and resource utilization. ADVANCEMENTS IN GREEN CHEMISTRY: SUSTAINABLE SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS Green chemistry encompasses principles and practices aimed at minimizing the environmental impact of chemical processes and products. By embracing principles such as renewable feedstocks, catalysis, solvent selection, energy efficiency, waste reduction, recycling, and life cycle assessment, green chemistry offers a pathway to sustainable synthesis and applications across various industries.
[96] Emerging Applications of Inorganic Chemistry in Environmental ... — The review also examines the role of inorganic compounds in the design of eco-friendly materials and processes, contributing to the development of green chemistry principles.
[97] Recent advances in porous nanomaterials-based drug delivery systems for ... — Recently, novel PNMs based drug delivery systems have been employed in antitumor immunotherapy to enhance tissue or organ targeting and reduce immune-related adverse events. Herein, we summarize the recent progress of PNMs including inorganic, organic, and organic-inorganic hybrid ones for cancer immunotherapy.
[98] Recent advances in porous nanomaterials-based drug delivery systems for ... — MOFs are generally built of a class of solid porous materials, ... Recent advances in drug delivery systems for enhancing drug penetration into tumors. Drug Deliv. 2020;27(1):1474-1490. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1831106. [PMC free article] [Google Scholar] 119. Goetz JG, Minguet S, Navarro-Lérida I, Lazcano JJ, Samaniego R, Calvo E, et al
[99] Recent Advances in Stem Cell Differentiation Control Using Drug ... — In this review, we discuss recent research cases that have effectively utilised porous functional material-based drug delivery systems to regulate stem cell differentiation. Due to their unique substrate properties, drug delivery systems based on porous functional materials effectively induce stem cell differentiation through the steady release
[100] The processes behind drug loading and release in porous drug delivery ... — Porous materials are ubiquitous and exhibit properties suitable for depositing therapeutic compounds. Drug loading in porous materials can protect the drug, control its release rate, and improve its solubility. However, to achieve such outcomes from porous delivery systems, effective incorporation o …
[101] Mesoporous Materials as Elements of Modern Drug Delivery Systems for ... — 3. Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of Mesoporous Material-Based Drug Delivery Systems (DDSs) The most common mesoporous material used as a carrier in drug delivery systems (DDSs) is mesoporous silica and its more advanced forms such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanorods or bioactive glasses .
[112] Inorganic Chemistry News -- ScienceDaily — Feb. 12, 2025 — A new study has revealed the clearest-ever picture of the surface chemistry of worm species that provides groundbreaking insights into how animals interact with their environment and each other. Feb. 10, 2025 — Researchers have developed a sustainable catalyst that increases its activity during use while converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable ... Feb. 5, 2025 — Scientists have developed a versatile platform with an electrically controlled nano-gate that can be used for applications in sensing, chemical synthesis, memristors, and neuromorphic computing. Jan. 30, 2025 — A research group has developed new advanced light-controlled tools that enable precise control of proteins in real time in living cells. Researchers Develop New Methods to Generate and Improve Magnetism of 2D Materials
[113] Emerging trends in chiral inorganic nanomaterials for ... - Nature — Emerging trends in chiral inorganic nanomaterials for enantioselective catalysis | Nature Communications Chiral inorganic nanomaterials can be synthesized not only with enantioselective catalytic performances like natural enzymes9,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30, but also with significant desirable properties, including recyclability, convenience in construction and storage, catalytic efficiency, structural stability, and economic performance. The typical construction methods include chiral molecule-guided direct synthesis (Fig. 2a)37,38,47,48, chiral molecule-mediated post modification on the surface of metal nanomaterials (Fig. 2b)49,50, chiral templates-mediated in situ growth of metal materials or assembly with metal nanomaterials (Fig. 2c)51, chiral molecules mediated regrowth of metal seeds (Fig. 2d)22, and chiral template-mediated deposition (Fig. 2e)52,53. These methods include self-assembly, which combines chiral NPs to form chiral internal cavities37,85, selective etching of chiral molecules embedded in inorganic nanomaterials52, or modifying chiral polymer molecules on the surface of inorganic nanocatalysts67.
[114] Research Group - Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis — As part of the Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry (ISCC), our group focuses on characterization, performance, and synthesis of inorganic functional materials with special emphasis on well-defined heterogeneous catalysts for energy storage and sustainable physicochemical conversion processes in the fields of thermal catalysis, photocatalysis and electrocatalysis.
[117] 25th Anniversary of Molecules—Recent Advances in Inorganic Chemistry — The general development of the field in the last 25 years has been one of moving towards more collaboration, interdisciplinary investigations, and applications-based research, while at the same time pursuing fundamental “blue-sky” molecular and solid-state inorganic chemistry. The submitted articles show top-quality level innovations and provide the reader with an overview of contemporary inorganic chemistry, in which coordination chemistry serves as the basis for the development of smart inorganic materials for several applications. Inorganic chemistry is becoming more and more interdisciplinary, providing innovative uses and approaches for ancient metal elements that can find new life in biomedical applications.
[118] The synergy between theory and experiment - RSC Publishing — The predominance of density functional theory reflects its position at the centre of computational inorganic chemistry, but there are also notable examples involving wavefunction-based methods. I hope that it will provide the reader with an appreciation of how theory and experiment can combine to enhance our understanding of inorganic chemistry.
[147] General Properties of Inorganic Compounds | Solubility of Things — The chemical properties of inorganic compounds are fundamental to understanding their reactivity, interactions, and applications. These properties determine how inorganic substances engage in chemical reactions, either forming new compounds or breaking down into simpler substances. Generally, the chemical behavior of inorganic compounds can be
[148] Inorganic Compounds - Definition, Structures, Examples, Properties — Inorganic compounds are substances that generally do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, which sets them apart from organic compounds in chemistry.Found abundantly in nature and commonly used in various industries, these compounds include minerals, salts, metals, and gases such as carbon dioxide and ammonia.Unlike organic compounds, which are often associated with living organisms, inorganic
[149] Organic vs Inorganic Compounds- Definition, 13 Key Differences, Examples — Inorganic compounds consist of elements that are linked together by ionic, metallic as well as covalent bonds. As a result of these bonds, inorganic compounds have different physical and chemical properties than organic compounds. Inorganic compounds might include heavy metals as well as elements in pure form or combined form with other elements.
[158] Synthesis and characterization of Inorganic Nanoparticles Luminophores ... — The phenol removal capacity of engineered nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and its variation in wastewater remediation, especially in the class of heavy metals and organic compounds, is solely due to its high reactivity and catalytic capability compared to zero-valent metals (ZVMS) especially here in the case of (ZVIs) dimensional reduction provides increasing reagent reactivity which is
[159] A critical review of solid peroxides in environmental remediation and ... — This review provides an overview of the recent progress of solid peroxides in environmental remediation and water purification based on the current literature. The physical and chemical properties of solid peroxides, as well as the O 2 and H 2 O 2 release properties, are outlined.
[173] 10 Reasons Why Inorganic Chemistry Is Important — Inorganic Chemistry Is Important for Agricultural Pest Control ... and insects, they are widely used in the agricultural industry. #8. Inorganic Chemistry Is Essential for Producing Paints and Coatings. Inorganic chemistry facilitates the production of various paints and coatings. While organic compounds are also present in paints, the pigments
[175] Inorganic Industrial Chemistry — Industrial inorganic chemistry includes subdivisions of the chemical industry that manufacture inorganic products on a large scale such as the heavy inorganics (chlor-alkalis, sulfuric acid, sulfates) and fertilizers (potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus products) as well as segments of fine chemicals that are used to produce high purity inorganics on a much smaller scale. Sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and chloralkali industries are the main producers of basic inorganic chemicals, and they will often sell them to other industries as well as using them in the manufacture of their own end-products. Sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate were among the first industrial chemicals. The other source of nitrogen compounds in the chemical industry is nitric acid, obtained from the oxidation of ammonia
[176] Why Is Inorganic Chemistry Important | Science-Atlas.com — The Importance of Inorganic Chemistry to Today's World. ... Electronic industry and solar energy conversion rely on various forms of highly pure silicon while more sophisticated compounds are vital to medical diagnosis, imaging and therapy, not to mention catalysts which are indispensable in industrial chemistry. On a more fundamental level
[178] Applications of Inorganic Compounds in Industry — Applications of Inorganic Compounds in Industry | Solubility of Things Inorganic compounds play a pivotal role in various industrial applications, serving as fundamental building blocks for numerous products and processes. The classification of inorganic compounds is essential for understanding their respective roles and applications in various industrial processes. As stated by Dr. Eco-Chemist, “The integration of green chemistry into industrial practices is essential for fostering a sustainable future.” Inorganic compounds will play a critical role in this transformation by serving as safer alternatives in chemical manufacturing. As highlighted by Dr. Green Chemistry, “The integration of inorganic compounds into industrial processes not only enhances performance but also aligns with our collective goals for sustainability.” This sentiment reflects the urgency for industries to embrace inorganic chemistry as a catalyst for change.
[183] Role of inorganic fertilizers in modern agriculture: Nourishing p — Environmental impact: Excessive or improper use of inorganic fertilizers can lead to environmental pollution, including nutrient runoff into water bodies, soil degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Careful nutrient management and sustainable agricultural practices are essential to mitigate these environmental risks.
[184] Eco-Friendly Fertilizer Practices for Sustainable Farming Success — Introduction to Eco-Friendly Fertilizer Practices in Sustainable Farming. Eco-friendly fertilizer practices are vital for sustainable farming. These practices enhance soil health while reducing environmental harm. Farmers increasingly recognize the need for sustainable methods. Traditional fertilizers can deplete soil nutrients over time.
[185] Sustainable Fertilizer Practices for Soil Health — The Future of Sustainable Fertilizer Practices in Agriculture Adoption of Innovative Techniques. Agriculture is rapidly evolving to meet sustainability goals. Farmers increasingly adopt integrated nutrient management practices. These practices help balance crop needs with soil health. Moreover, technology plays a crucial role in this
[186] PDF — availability and the soil. Inorganic fertilizer is usually immediately and fast containing all necessary nutrients that are directly easy to get for plants. But continuous use of inorganic (chemical) fertilizers alone causes soil organic matter degradation, soil acidity and environmental pollution.
[187] (PDF) The Impacts of Using Inorganic Chemical Fertilizers on the ... — The application of inorganic fertilizer for instance has been found to increase maize performance and chemical properties of soil such as pH, total nutrient content and nutrient availability.
[196] Sustainability in the European Chlor-alkali Industry — These processes, which have been used for the production of chlor-alkali products for over 100 years, include the use of mercury, asbestos in the diaphragm cell process and the production of toxic chlorine-containing chemicals. ... Perhaps they will begin to pave the way to a more sustainable chlor-alkali future. While chlor-alkali markets
[199] PDF — chlor-alkali production in Europe. The three current technologies applied nowadays are mercury, diaphragm, and membrane cell technology. Despite, having achieved higher energy efficiencies ... sustainable production. 7 The chlor-alkali process has been studied from a LCA perspective and several studies are available in the literature. Boustead
[201] Eliminating harmful substances from production processes — In 2016, mercury-emitting technology accounted for only 17% of the EU chlorine production capacity. Whilst EU law was set in 2013 to phase out mercury-based chlor-alkali production by 2017, chlorine producers on the continent phased out this technology well in advance and are now safely treating the remaining mercury waste material.
[217] Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological ... — Environmental pollution of heavy metals is increasingly becoming a problem and has become of great concern due to the adverse effects it is causing around the world. These inorganic pollutants are being discarded in our waters, soils and into the atmosphere due to the rapidly growing agriculture and metal industries, improper waste disposal
[218] Analyzing the Environmental Impact of Chemical Production - Deskera — The chemical manufacturing industry is critical in driving innovation and technological progress in many industries. However, it also presents environmental and health risks due to using hazardous chemicals and generating waste products. Therefore, it is important to carefully manage the manufacturing process and adopt sustainable practices to minimize these risks and ensure the industry's
[221] (PDF) Grand Challenges in Inorganic Chemistry: Towards Better Life ... — Initially limited to the study of minerals, salts, and oxides, inorganic chemistry(IC) emerged as a major actor in technology and sciences during the second part of the last century.
[222] Grand challenges in inorganic chemistry: toward better life quality and ... — Highly sophisticated functional materials often contain metal ions and are assembled following the principles of metallosupramolecular chemistry (Ariga et al., 2012). Another facet is represented by porous materials, self-assembled from metal ions and suitable organic ligands which are in high demand with respect to gas storage, particularly carbon dioxide, methane, or hydrogen, all related to environmental and energy issues (Almeida Paz et al., 2012). Considerable efforts are still needed to boost the conversion yield and the durability of these photovoltaic devices, either intrinsically, or by means of wavelength converting materials; this in turn implies considerable efforts related to solid state and coordination chemistry (Cates et al., 2012), as well as to materials design (Robson et al., 2012). 14, 211–217 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.003 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
[224] 25th Anniversary of Molecules—Recent Advances in Inorganic Chemistry — The general development of the field in the last 25 years has been one of moving towards more collaboration, interdisciplinary investigations, and applications-based research, while at the same time pursuing fundamental “blue-sky” molecular and solid-state inorganic chemistry. The submitted articles show top-quality level innovations and provide the reader with an overview of contemporary inorganic chemistry, in which coordination chemistry serves as the basis for the development of smart inorganic materials for several applications. Inorganic chemistry is becoming more and more interdisciplinary, providing innovative uses and approaches for ancient metal elements that can find new life in biomedical applications.
[228] Advancements in Coordination Chemistry and Trends in the Chemical ... — The study examines the synthesis and characterization of novel coordination complexes, highlighting their diverse structures and properties. Furthermore, it explores the role of coordination chemistry in various applications, ranging from catalysis and drug design to materials science and environmental remediation.
[230] Advancing chemistry sustainably: From synthesis to benefits and ... — Advancing chemistry sustainably: From synthesis to benefits and applications of green synthesis - ScienceDirect Advancing chemistry sustainably: From synthesis to benefits and applications of green synthesis Green chemistry emphasizes the minimization of hazardous compounds, reduction of waste generated in conventional organic synthesis, and consideration of both production and disposal impacts. Green chemistry emphasizes the minimization of hazardous compounds, reduction of waste generated in conventional organic synthesis, and consideration of both production and disposal impacts. Green synthesis, also known as sustainable methods or environmentally friendly synthesis, is a chemical synthesis method aimed at reducing the environmental effect of chemical reactions and processes . Green chemistry emphasizes limiting utilize of hazardous compounds and decreasing waste generation in conventional organic synthesis.
[231] A review on sustainable synthesis methods, characterization and ... — Recently, sustainable synthetic techniques like microwave synthesis, sonochemical synthesis, and grinding assisted microwave synthesis have become advanced methods. Sustainable inorganic complex-based materials are also being developed due to their specific properties and mechanisms compared to synthesized organic compound-based materials.
[232] PDF — Transition metal catalysts, such as palladium or rhodium complexes, are widely used in homogeneous catalysis. For example, the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, which forms carbon-carbon bonds, is catalyzed by palladium complexes and is essential in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals .
[233] Metal‐Containing and Metallo‐Supramolecular Polymers and Materials ... — Over the past couple of decades, metal-containing polymers (metallopolymers) have gained considerable interest for the creation of functional soft materials with unique and tunable properties. For this purpose, supramolecular chemistry, as demonstrated in Nature, is regarded as the archetype showing the ordered assembly of small molecules into supramolecular structures and materials that are
[234] Functional soft materials from metallopolymers and ... - Nature — The similar reversibility between many metal-ligand interactions and hydrogen bonding suggests that metallosupramolecular polymers may also be promising materials for the design of self-healing
[236] Metallosupramolecular polymers: current status and future prospects ... — Furthermore, achieving spatiotemporal control remains elusive with thermoresponsive and sono-responsive metallosupramolecular polymers, which encounter the disadvantage of poor precision control. Additionally, controlling the morphology of these soft materials on the mesoscale, both in solution and on substrates, has many challenges.
[237] Sustainable Supramolecular Polymers - Wang - 2024 - Chemistry Europe — This article outlines the challenges and prerequisites for developing sustainable supramolecular polymers. It argues that, by achieving a delicate equilibrium between toughness and recyclability, as well as between stability and healing capabilities, transient supramolecular polymers hold promise as an attractive option for the forthcoming
[239] Recent progress and future challenges in the supramolecular ... — In the recent decades, the field of supramolecular chemistry has matured significantly, moving from discrete supramolecules, such as catenanes1 or rotaxanes,2 to dynamic self-assembled materials held together by non-covalent bonds.3 In this regard, molecular self-assembly has been established as a powerful tool to bridge the gap between the nanoscopic and mesoscopic scale by careful control over non-covalent interactions.4–6 More specifically, supramolecular polymers (SP) represent ideal model systems to investigate the diverse aspects of self-assembly of discrete molecular entities and to elaborate detailed structure–property relationships.7 These one- or two-dimensional self-assembled systems can shed relevant insights into more complex self-organization phenomena such as 3D crystallization,8–11 which are widespread both in natural and artificial functional systems.8,12–15 Since the first report more than three decades ago,16 SPs have been primarily constructed from purely organic building blocks,17,18 often incorporating additional functional groups for directional hydrogen bonding.
[240] Introduction: Molecular Self-Assembly | Chemical Reviews - ACS Publications — For example, Leal and co-workers discuss the rich area of polymer-lipid hybrid materials in the creation of lipid-like structures but with the potential of polymeric-like properties. Another example is the class of molecules known as peptoids that are now widely studied for their biomimetic self-assembly mechanisms and material properties.
[241] Exploring the benefits and applications of self-assembly - Nanowerk — Self-assembly also has potential applications in environmental science, particularly in the area of pollution remediation. By designing self-assembling materials that can capture and remove specific pollutants from the environment, researchers hope to develop more effective and efficient methods for cleaning up contaminated sites.
[243] Role of artificial intelligence in chemistry - ScienceDirect — Artificial intelligence (AI) has had a profound impact on various research fields, and its application allows the effective performance of data analyses and predictions. With the advances in omics, it is possible to obtain a wealth of information for the identification, isolation, and target prediction of secondary metabolites.
[244] Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications in Chemistry — Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are becoming valuable in chemistry due to several reasons such as easy to learn and use, simple implementation, easy designing, effectiveness, generality, robustness, and flexibility. AI is comprised of several techniques within it, such as artificial neural networks, evolutionary algorithms and fuzzy logic.
[253] Porous metal-organic frameworks for gas storage and separation: Status ... — Porous metal-organic frameworks for gas storage and separation: Status and challenges - PMC Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), representing a novel class of porous materials, feature unique pore structure, such as exceptional porosity, tunable pore structures, ready functionalization, which not only enables high density energy storage of clean fuel gas in MOF adsorbents, but also facilitates distinct host-guest interactions and/or sieving effects to differentiate different molecules for energy-efficient separation economy. 221.Lin R-B, Li T-Y, Zhou H-L, He C-T, Zhang J-P, Chen X-M. 234.Zhang Y, Feng X, Li H, Chen Y, Zhao J, Wang S, Wang L, Wang B. 243.Bae T-H, Lee JS, Qiu W, Koros WJ, Jones CW, Nair S A high-performance gas-separation membrane containing submicrometer-sized metal–organic framework crystals.
[254] PDF — Finally, the challenges in MOF synthesis and characterization, future research directions, and potential for commercialization and industrial applications are discussed. This review demonstrates the versatility and potential of MOFs as next-generation materials for catalysis, gas storage, and separation.
[255] Designing hierarchical nanoporous membranes for highly efficient gas ... — The design of materials for gas separation and storage is challenging due to a number of ostensibly conflicting goals (1). Pores on the order of molecular dimensions are deemed necessary for discrimination of various gases on the basis of size, yet they must be chemically functionalized to afford chemical selectivity in the adsorption process (2).